The recent advances in the Artificial Intelligence have accelerated the growth process and agriculture is no exception. A number of AI based applications are knocking the door and ready to take the world by storm. However, AI/ML applications in Agriculture will hardly be of any pragmatic use unless it is supported by spatial database. Geospatial technology
is the best tool to capture large scale data set at varied spatiotemporal resolutions and lays the foundation for transforming modern agriculture by enabling precision farming, real time monitoring and data driven decision making for sustainable resource management. This review presents an overview of recent advances in geospatial technologies and their applications in agriculture, with particular emphasis on the Indian context. The study discusses the role of remote sensing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), cloud computing and geospatial analytics in agricultural monitoring and management. The integration of multi-source Earth Observation data from satellite missions such as Landsat, Sentinel, MODIS, Resources at, RISAT and emerging hyperspectral and thermal missions has significantly improved crop monitoring, yield prediction, digital soil mapping, disease and pest detection, soil moisture assessment and agricultural water management. AI and ML based approaches have enhanced the accuracy and efficiency of geospatial analyses,
enabling predictive and automated agricultural applications. The review also highlights major challenges, including data quality, cloud contamination, limited ground truth observations, model interpretability and scalability for smallholder farming systems. Furthermore, ongoing government initiatives such as AgriStack, PMFBY, FASAL, CHAMAN and KrishiDSS are discussed in the context of digital agriculture development in India. Future trends indicate a transition toward UAV based real time farm monitoring, digital twins and climate resilient predictive farming systems, supporting sustainable agricultural production, improved resource use efficiency and enhanced food security.
Optimizing nitrogen (N) use efficiency in rice requires effective management of crop–weed competition. A field experiment was conducted during the Kharif season of 2018 in SKUAST Kashmir to evaluate the interactive effects of nitrogen levels (0, 45, and 90 kg N ha¹) and weed management practices on weed dynamics, nutrient partitioning, resource use efficiency, yield, and grain quality of basmati rice (Shalimar Sugandh 1). Weed interference significantly reduced grain yield (3.89 t ha¹), crop nutrient uptake, and resource use efficiency, accounting for 11.78% nutrient loss to weeds. In contrast, application of penoxsulam @ 22.5 g ha¹ effectively reduced weed biomass (16.74 g m²), improved weed control efficiency (72.08%), and enhanced grain yield (6.46 t ha¹), comparable to weed free conditions. Nitrogen application increased grain yield up to 6.49 t ha ¹, with an agronomic efficiency of 17.55 kg grain kg¹ N at 90 kg N ha¹. Improved weed control significantly enhanced crop nutrient advantage and reduced nutrient losses, indicating a strong shift in resource capture towards the crop. Grain quality parameters remained largely stable across treatments, although gel consistency improved under higher nitrogen and effective weed control, suggesting enhanced starch deposition. The results highlight that maximizing nitrogen use efficiency and sustaining grain quality in basmati rice requires integrated nutrient and weed management, particularly early postemergence herbicide application to minimize competitive losses.
Brown top millet (Brachiaria ramosa L.) is an underutilized, climate resilient cereal with considerable potential for enhancing food, nutritional, and fodder security in rainfed production systems. However, information on the performance of improved genotypes under the rainfed upland ecology of the Bastar Plateau of central India remains limited. The present study evaluated eight advanced genotypes and one local check during Kharif 2025 at Shaheed Gundadhur College of Agriculture and Research Station, Jagdalpur, using a randomized block design with three replications under natural rainfall conditions. Significant (P < 0.05) genotypic differences were observed for phenological, morphological, and productivity related traits, indicating substantial genetic variability for selection. Days to 50% flowering ranged from 57 to 59 days, while maturity varied from 88 to 90 days. Grain yield ranged from 910 to 1418 kg ha¹, and fodder yield from 3704 to 4660 kg ha¹. TNBr 018 recorded the highest grain yield (1418 kg ha¹), representing a 48.3% yield advantage over the local check, whereas TNBr 017 produced the highest fodder yield (4660 kg ha¹) while maintaining high grain productivity (1356 kg ha¹). The favourable seasonal rainfall (1476.1 mm over 68 rainy days) enabled reliable assessment of genotype performance under representative rainfed conditions. Based on overall agronomic performance, TNBr 018 was identified as the most promising genotype for grain production, whereas TNBr 017 showed superior dual-purpose potential. These genotypes warrant further multi location evaluation and may serve as valuable genetic resources for developing climate resilient brown top millet cultivars for rainfed agroecosystems.
Litchi places among the most important subtropical fruit with significant commercial value due to its attractive colour and nutritional richness. Enhancement in fruit quality has consistently been a major objective to improve its marketability. In the recent field experiment, the effect of foliar spray of nano fertilizers on improving the quality of litchi fruits was evaluated. A total of three concentrations (50 ppm, 100 ppm and 200 ppm) of four different nano fertilizers; silicon dioxide (SiO2), nano zinc oxide (ZnO), nano urea and nano potassium (K) along with control (water) was taken. The foliar application of all the nano fertilizers was done thrice; first during the pea stage, followed by second and third sprays after 15 days and 30 days, respectively. Among all the treatments, application of nano K at 50 ppm resulted in higher fruit and seed size, increased pulp and peel weight in contrast to control. The foliar application of nano ZnO at 100 ppm significantly improved total soluble solids (TSS), total sugars and also reduced acidity at the same time. The present study revealed that preharvest application of nano K (50 ppm) and ZnO at 100 ppm significantly improved the quality of litchi fruits. The results indicated new perspective for sustainable cultivation of litchi with the application of nano fertilizers.
The present study was carried out during 2023–24 at GBPUAT, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ethrel on ripening, fruit quality, antioxidant properties and shelf life of sapota fruits. The experiment was conducted in a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with seven treatments and three replications. Mature fruits of sapota cv. Cricket Ball were treated with different concentrations of ethrel (500, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 ppm), calcium carbide @ 10 g kg¹ fruits, untreated control and stored under ambient conditions. Observations were recorded at 3, 6, 9 and 12 days after treatment. Significant differences were observed among treatments for physiological loss in weight, firmness, total soluble solids, total sugars, ascorbic acid, total phenolic content, total antioxidant activity and shelf life. Fruits treated with
Ethrel @ 1000 ppm showed more uniform ripening, higher TSS and total sugars, acceptable firmness, better antioxidant retention. The higher shelf life was recorded with ethrel @ 500 ppm (10.50 days), which was statistically at par with ethrel @ 1000 ppm
(10.33 days). However, CaC2 treated fruits showed rapid deterioration, poor quality retention and lowest shelf life. Overall, ethrel @ 1000 ppm provided a favourable balance between ripening uniformity, TSS and sugar accumulation, antioxidant retention
and acceptable shelf life under the ambient storage conditions of the study.
An experiment was conducted to study the combined effect of drip irrigation and mulching on fruit set, yield and water use efficiency of litchi cv. Rose Scented at the Horticulture Research Centre, Patharchatta of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand, during the year 2021. Litchi trees under the study were subjected to mulching with different types of materials (black polythene and white polythene) and supplied with drip irrigation. The combined application of drip irrigation and black polythene mulch significantly improved fruit set, fruit retention,
yield and WUE compared with flood irrigation and non-mulched treatments. Highest fruit set (30.07 %) was found in the treatment DI2 M1 (75% ER with black polythene mulch). Maximum WUE (9.59 kg m³) was observed under the treatment DI1 M1 (50% ER with black polythene mulch), indicating improved water productivity under deficit irrigation with mulching. Thus, drip irrigation along with black polythene mulch can be recommended to litchi growers to enhance fruit set, increase yield and productivity and improve water use efficiency of the orchard. The water use efficiency was higher (7.41 kg/m3) with 100% ER with black polythene mulch and saved 25.92 % irrigation water in comparison to control.
Among oilseed crops, soybean is widely cultivated because of its high protein and oil content, making it an important component of agricultural and food production systems. However, its productivity is often affected by anthracnose, a serious disease caused by hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum truncatum. A GIS based field survey was conducted across 55 locations in six districts of Uttarakhand during the kharif seasons of three consecutive years (2022–2024) to study the spatial distribution of soybean anthracnose. The investigation revealed considerable variation in disease occurrence among the surveyed regions. Lower DI and PDI were generally observed in the hill regions of Kumaon, while the Tarai plains exhibited the highest disease levels, followed by the Bhabar region. Among the surveyed districts, Udham Singh Nagar recorded the highest Disease Incidence (53.13%) and Percent Disease Index (34.18%), while Bageshwar showed the lowest Disease Incidence (5.13%), whereas Almora showed the lowest Percent Disease Index (2.63%). The GIS based disease maps generated in this study can support location specific disease surveillance, timely intervention, and efficient resource allocation for soybean disease management.
This study employed principal component analysis to examine part milk yield records from first lactation in crossbred cows, aiming to enable early selection decisions while reducing data dimensionality. Monthly milk yield measurements were collected from 529 crossbred cattle (62.5% Holstein Friesian × 37.5% Sahiwal) over three decades (1990–2019) at Govind
Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. Ten lactation variables representing 30day intervals up to 300 days were analyzed using varimax rotational principal component analysis with Kaiser normalization. Two principal components
emerged with eigenvalues exceeding 1, collectively explaining 77.64% of total variance. Component 1 (43.24% variance) comprised early lactation yields (days 31–120), while Component 2 (34.40% variance) represented late lactation yields (days 211–300).
Varimax rotation effectively differentiated component loadings, with phenotypic correlations among traits ranging from 0.41 to 0.87, confirming strong positive associations across lactation periods. Communalities ranged from 0.52 to 0.86 across traits. The
findings demonstrate that principal component analysis effectively captures lactation patterns while substantially reducing variable complexity, offering practical applications for genetic evaluation programs in crossbred cattle.
The present study was conducted to investigate the histomorphology and histochemistry of the abomasum in adult Bakerwali goats, nondescript goats (NDG), and nondescript sheep (NDS) of the Jammu region. Histological examination revealed that the abomasum consisted of tunica mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. Cardiac glands were simple branched tubular glands, fundic glands contained mucous neck, chief, parietal, and argentaffin cells, while pyloric glands were predominantly mucous and associated with deep gastric pits. Reticular fibers formed a characteristic network around the gastric glands, and lymphoid tissue was evident within the lamina propria. Histochemical studies demonstrated strong Periodic Acid–Schiff (PAS) positivity in the surface epithelium, gastric pits, and glandular cells, indicating the presence of neutral mucopolysaccharides. Acidic mucopolysaccharides were localized mainly in the infranuclear regions of glandular cells. Glycogen, proteins, and lipids showed variable distribution within different glandular regions, reflecting their secretory activity. The study provided baseline information on the normal microscopic architecture and chemical composition of the abomasum in indigenous small ruminants of the Jammu region. These findings may serve as valuable reference data for comparative anatomy, pathology, and gastrointestinal research in sheep and goats.
The present study was undertaken to compare the gross morphological and biometrical investigation of abomasum in adult Bakerwali goat with nondescript goats and nondescript sheep of Jammu region. The abomasum was an elongated pear shaped sac with two extremities, two curvatures and two surfaces in all the three groups of goats and sheep species. Internally, abomasum presented obliquely oriented permanent longitudinal abomasal folds that extended from the sides of the abomasum in the direction of the greater curvature. These folds increased surface area which benefitted both excretory and absorptive functions. Towards pyloric area, instead of folds, substantially thicker ridges were seen. The empty weight of the abomasum was highest in Bakerwali goats (969.75±23.17 gm) whereas capacity showed no significant variation. In all the three groups, the greater curvature was longer than the lesser curvature. The number of internal abomasal folds did not differ significantly among species. The width of the abomasum was maximum at the middle of the fundic region and minimum at the pyloric region. The thickness of the abomasal wall increased from the cardia to the pylorus, being greatest at the pyloric region. The length of both fundic and pyloric regions was higher in Bakerwali goats (19.00±0.43 cm and 10.98±0.41 cm, respectively) compared to the other species. Overall, the study indicated species related variations in the biometrical characteristics of the abomasum in small ruminants.
The present study was undertaken to assess blood gas variations in samples from the auricular artery in healthy and cattle affected with pneumonia. Acid–base and blood gas parameters of healthy control animals (n=10) were within normal physiological limits. Diseased animals (n=25) showed significantly increased blood pH along with decreased arterial pCO2, pO2, and oxygen saturation, indicating respiratory compromise and compensatory hyperventilation. Bicarbonate concentration, carbonic acid, bicarbonate to carbonic acid ratio, and standard base excess remained largely comparable between healthy and affected animals. Different pneumonic conditions exhibited variable acid–base disturbances, with respiratory alkalosis and metabolic alkalosis being the predominant abnormalities. Chronic and chronic active pneumonia cases commonly demonstrated uncompensated metabolic alkalosis, whereas fibrinopurulent and suppurative pneumonia showed fewer apparent acid–base changes despite the presence of hypoxemia (pO2 <50 mm Hg) in several animals. Reduced arterial oxygen tension and oxygen saturation suggested impaired pulmonary gas exchange and tissue oxygenation. The findings indicate that arterial blood gas analysis is a useful diagnostic tool for evaluating pulmonary dysfunction, oxygenation status, and compensatory acid–base mechanisms in bovine pneumonia.
Gas Chromatography was employed to quantify the residue levels of frequently used insecticides in randomly collected buffalo liver samples from North India. A total of 100 samples were screened for organophosphate pesticides, while 50 samples each were analysed for organochlorine and synthetic pyrethroid compounds. Samples were collected between December, 2014 to March, 2017 from Haryana and Delhi. Liver samples were treated with the procedure outlined by Dutch ministry of public health, welfare and sports (AMPRF, 1996). Nine organophosphate insecticides were investigated, namely dichlorovos, chlorpyrifos methyl, fenitrothion, pirimiphos methyl, malathion, Chlorpyriphos, quinalphos, ethion, and edifenphos. In addition, eight organochlorine insecticides (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, aldrin, dicofol, α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan) and five synthetic pyrethroid insecticides (λ-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, fenvelrate, T-fluvalinate, and deltamethrin) were included in the analysis. The estimated total pesticide burden was 5.75 ppb for organophosphate residues and 53.89 ppb for the combined organochlorine and synthetic pyrethroid residues. γ-HCH concentrations exceeded the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) as defined by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (2006) in 23 of the samples analysed. β-endosulfan recorded the highest mean residue concentration among all compounds detected in buffalo liver.
Ageing is characterized by progressive deterioration of cellular function driven by extracellular matrix degradation, chronic inflammation and dysregulated apoptosis, highlighting the need for safe bioactive compounds that target multiple ageing related pathways. The present study investigated the potential interactions of squalene with key molecular targets associated with ageing using an in silico molecular docking approach. Molecular docking was performed in PyRx using the AutoDock Vina scoring function against matrix etalloproteinase1 (MMP1), matrix metalloproteinase9 (MMP9), cyclooxygenase2 (COX 2), Tumour Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), hyaluronidase1 (HYAL1) and B cell lymphoma2 (Bcl2). Docking results were compared with established reference inhibitors, including marimastat, diclofenac, SPD304, garcinol and disarib. Squalene exhibited predicted binding affinities ranging from 7.4 to 8.6 kcal mol¹, with the most favourable binding affinity observed for MMP9 (8.6 kcal mol¹), followed by COX2 and Bcl2 (8.3 kcal mol¹ each). Interaction analysis indicated that squalene predominantly formed hydrophobic alkyl, π-alkyl, π-sigma and van der Waals interactions within the binding pockets of the target proteins. These interaction profiles suggest that squalene may interact with multiple proteins involved in extracellular matrix remodelling, inflammatory signalling and apoptotic regulation. Overall, the findings provide preliminary computational evidence supporting the multi target interaction potential of squalene with ageing related proteins. However, these predictions require validation through molecular dynamics simulations and experimental in vitro and in vivo studies.
Improper disposal of agricultural residues and the proliferation of the invasive weed Parthenium hysterophorus pose significant environmental threats. This study investigates the preparation and adsorbent properties of carbon dots (CDs) derived from Parthenium hysterophorus shoot biochar (PHSBC) via bottomup approach. The CDs were produced by varying PHSBC dosage, magnetic stirring and centrifugation time, followed by vacuum filtration. Characterization results revealed that the CDs possess a slightly alkaline nature and high electrical conductivity, facilitating the attraction of cationic pollutants. Solid yields ranging from 6.97% to 31.9% were obtained CDs were prepared from more centrifugation time at low PHSBC dosage and was identified as optimal for preparing CDs with high adsorptive qualities as per the results obtained from proximate analysis. Statistical analysis (one way ANOVA and posthoc Tukey tests) confirmed that centrifugation time was the primary determinant of elemental composition (p < 0.05), significantly enhancing carbonization. FTIR analysis confirmed that the surface functional groups remained chemically stable for all CDs prepared. The sample B1M4C3, B2M1C3 and B3M4C3 emerged as the superior adsorbents exhibiting highest predicted surface area. This research study demonstrates that while the chemical affinity of CDs is fixed by their precursor, their adsorptive capacity is highly tunable through physical conditions as their preparation time. This study provides a scalable, “green” alternative for contributing to the “Waste to Wealth” (WtW) paradigm and aligning with United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 6, 9, 12, and 13.
Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem) is a divine tree with diverse therapeutic properties. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial potential of neem derived endophytic bacteria against pathogenic bacteria in the presence of neem leaf powder. In this experiment, three endophytic bacteria, namely Bacillus weidmannii DNS13, B. stercoris DNS14 and B. albus DNS16, were evaluated for antibacterial activity against pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by adding different concentrations of neem leaf powder (0.1, 0.5, and 1 % w/v) using the agar well diffusion method. The results revealed that all endophytic bacteria exhibited larger zones of inhibition against S. aureus than E. coli. Further, supplementation of neem leaf powder delayed metabolite production, but the antibacterial activity was higher and more consistent than non-supplemented treatments. Among the three strains, DNS14 showed the highest zone of inhibition (21 mm) in the presence of 1% neem leaf powder and maintained antibacterial consistency up to 96 h of duration. The present findings highlight that amendment of neem leaf powder in the culture medium enhances the antimicrobial activity of neem derived endophytic bacteria against pathogenic bacteria
Endophytic bacteria improve plant growth through diverse biochemical and metabolic activities that involve enhancement of nutrient availability, phytohormone production, and stress tolerance. In the present study, 5 endophytic bacteria from the leave of Kasni (Cichorium intybus) were isolated and evaluated for their invitro plant growth promoting (PGP) potential. The isolates were qualitatively evaluated for nutrient (phosphate) solubilization, siderophore ammonia, biofilm, Indole 3 acetic acid (IAA) and antioxidants production. During qualitative analysis, only 3 isolates demonstrated positive results and were further quantified for their PGP and antioxidants activities. The maximum concentration of IAA was produced by the isolate KSBP2 in tryptic soy broth (TSB) (170.13±0.7 µg/mL) followed by KSBP1 (61.15±0.7) at 96 h of incubation. The isolate was
also found positive for gibberellic acid, salicylic acid, siderophore production and phosphate solubilization. The antioxidant potential of isolates were evaluated by quantifying total phenolics and flavonoid contents. The isolate KSBP2 showed maximum
total phenolics (2.81±0.02 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (0.18±0.01mg QE/g) contents in ethyl acetate extract. Furthermore, the isolate KSBP2 was assessed for biochemical and molecular characterization. Molecular characterization of KSBP2 based on 16S
rRNA gene sequence analysis demonstrated 99.7% similarity of the isolate with Bacillus velezensis. Overall, the endophytic isolate KSBP2 possesses multiple plant growth promoting and antioxidant potential which might be a promising approach
towards the enhancement of plant growth and development through improved nutrient availability and phytohormone production.
Intensive broiler production exposes birds to chronic stress that elevates circulating glucocorticoids and drives oxidative injury in the metabolically active myocardium. This study evaluated the cardioprotective potential of dietary Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MOLP) and a vitamin E-selenium combination against dexamethasone induced oxidative stress in the broiler heart. A total of 180 one day old Cobb 430 chicks were randomly allotted to six groups: basal control (G1), dexamethasone (G2), 1% MOLP (G3), dexamethasone + MOLP (G4), vitamin E-selenium (G5) and dexamethasone + vitamin E- selenium (G6). Dexamethasone (1 mg/kg body weight) was administered through drinking water on days 714. Hearts collected on days 15, 30 and 45 were assayed for lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S transferase (GST) and total antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC, FRAP) in tissue lysates. Dexamethasone markedly raised malondialdehyde and depleted GSH, SOD, CAT, GST, CUPRAC and FRAP at all sampling points. MOLP produced notable biochemical restoration, exceeding control values for several antioxidant markers, whereas vitamin E- selenium recorded the lowest malondialdehyde and highest glutathione by day 45. Overall, both Moringa oleifera and vitamin E-selenium effectively counter dexamethasone induced cardiac oxidative stress, representing practical nutritional strategies for safeguarding broiler heart health.
This paper presents VRU Neural Sentinel, an adaptive neural network architecture for real time prioritization of Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs) in autonomous vehicle (AV) perception systems. The system integrates multimodal behavioral risk signals — specifically gait and movement pattern analysis with head pose and gaze direction estimation — to dynamically
score and rank detected VRUs by collision risk, enabling proactive AV decision making. The proposed architecture achieves 98.8% decision accuracy and 0.00% collision rate in simulation (over 500 timesteps under mixed scenario conditions; this result
should be interpreted in the context of the limited simulation scope and does not constitute a real world safety benchmark), exceeding the stated targets of 97% and 2% respectively. The system processes scenes at approximately 32ms latency (10Hz
operational cycle), enabling real time response. Key innovations include a dualen coder behavioral signal pipeline, multihead crossVRU attention, vulnerability weighted risk scoring, and online adaptive threshold tuning. Simulations over 500 timesteps
with mixed scenario populations (distracted pedestrians, cyclists crossing, children, elderly individuals, and wheelchair users) demonstrate consistent prioritization of highest risk individuals across all environmental conditions.
Agricultural trade plays an important role in India’s economic development by contributing to foreign exchange earnings, employment generation, and food security. In recent years, global conflicts such as the Afghanistan War, Iraq War, Arab Spring, Global Financial Crisis, COVID19 pandemic, and Russia–Ukraine conflict have significantly influenced international
trade flows, commodity prices, transportation costs, and supply chain stability. The study looks at how India’s agricultural commerce was affected by major international conflicts between 2001-2024.Secondary data is the basis of the analysis whereas multiple linear regression, trend analysis and descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the connection between India’s agricultural exports and geopolitical tensions. The results show that during the study period, India’s agricultural trade significantly increased. Agricultural exports increased from USD 6.3 billion in 2001 to over USD 52 billion in 2024, while imports also recorded steady growth. To sustain long-term growth and reduce vulnerability to future global shocks, policymakers, should prioritize fertilizer security, diversify export markets, strengthen logistics and supply chain infrastructure, reduce dependence on critical agricultural imports and enhance trade intelligence and risk management systems. These measures will improve the stability and competitiveness of India’s agricultural trade in an increasingly uncertain global environment.
Black soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merill) is widely recognized for its rich nutritional composition, antioxidant properties, and potential role in the management of metabolic disorders. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the nutritional and functional characteristics of black soybean by comparing whole seeds, dehusked cotyledons, and husk fractions. Proximate composition, mineral content, dietary fibre, antioxidant activity and antinutritional factors were analysed using standard analytical methods, and the glycaemic index of whole and dehusked fractions was determined. The results revealed that dehusked cotyledons contained the highest protein content (36.94 g/100 g) and were rich in essential minerals, whereas the husk fraction exhibited the highest dietary fibre content (68.75 g/100 g) along with greater antioxidant activity. Antinutritional factors such as phytic acid and tannins were predominantly present in the husk fraction but remained within safe limits. Both whole and dehusked fractions showed low glycaemic index values (17.69±0.52 and 23.3±0.68, respectively). The findings indicated that different
fractions of black soybean possess significant nutritional potential, and the underutilised husk can be effectively utilised in the development of fibre rich functional foods.
Exercise and high physical activity induced muscle stiffness is a multifactorial condition characterized by impaired calcium handling, lactic acid accumulation, oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to reduced muscle elasticity, pain and impaired performance. The growing interest in natural therapeutic interventions has emphasized the need to identify bioactive compounds with multifunctional properties for muscle health. This study aimed to identify and prioritize phytotherapeutic plants with protective effects against muscle stiffness by integrating traditional bioprospection with computational screening.
Ethnopharmacological literature was systematically reviewed to identify medicinal plants traditionally used for muscle related disorders. Ten key bioactivity parameters associated with muscle recovery, including performance enhancement, anti inflammatory
activity, antioxidant activity, muscle relaxation, blood flow improvement, collagen synthesis, energy production, muscle repair and remodeling, immune support and pain relief were used to evaluate the selected plants. The selected phytotherapeutic plants
were comparatively assessed and ranked based on their overall potential across these functional attributes. Among the twenty-five medicinal plants evaluated, Curcuma longa, Rhodiola rosea, Moringa oleifera, Citrus limon, and Aloe barbadensis demonstrated the highest multifunctional potential, with Curcuma longa emerged as the most promising phytotherapeutic plants owing to its broad spectrum of bioactive constituents. These findings demonstrated that, integrating traditional knowledge with computational screening is an effective approach for prioritizing multifunctional natural bioactive compounds with potential applications in nutraceutical development for muscle stiffness prevention and postexercise recovery.
